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<title>Cham script</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cham script</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Cham script<br><div style="font-weight:normal">Akhara Cam<br><span lang="cjm" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Noto Sans Cham', 'Code2000';">ꨀꨇꩉ ꨌꩌ</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 350</span> CE – present<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarrison197552–59_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarrison197552–59-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a>, <a href="Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a><ul><li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Cham script</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>, <a href="Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a>, <a href="Old_Mon_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Mon script">Old Mon</a>, <a href="Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a>, <a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style><span class="monospaced">Cham</span> <span class="monospaced">(358)</span>, Cham</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Cham</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAA00.pdf">U+AA00–U+AA5F</a></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

The <a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a>

<ul><li><a href="La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kamarupi_script" title="Kamarupi script">Kamarupi</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a>

<ul><li><a href="N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a>

<ul><li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li>

<li><a href="Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a>

<ul><li><a href="Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li>

<li><a href="Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a>

<ul><li>Marchung</li>

<li>Pungs-chen</li>

<li>Pungs-chung</li>

<li>Drusha</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a>

<ul><li><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>

<li>Proto-Tai script<sup>?</sup>

<ul><li><a href="Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a>

<li><a href="Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a>

<ul><li><a href="Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li>

<li><a href="Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li>

<li><a href="Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li>

<li><a href="Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Pwo_alphabet" title="Western Pwo alphabet">Western Pwo Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="S'gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li>

<li><i>Lik-Tai scripts</i>

<li><a href="Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li>

<li><a href="Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a>

<ul><li><a href="Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a>

<ul><li><a href="Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p>The <b>Cham script</b> (<a href="Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a>: <span lang="cjm" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Noto Sans Cham', 'Code2000';">ꨀꨇꩉ ꨌꩌ</span>) is a <a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a> <a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> used to write <a href="Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a>, an <a href="Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian language</a> spoken by some 245,000 <a href="Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a> in <a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uni11_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uni11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is written horizontally left to right, just like other Brahmic abugidas.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The Cham script is a descendant of the <a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> of India.<sup id="cite_ref-Uni11_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uni11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cham was one of the first scripts to develop from the <a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a>, this happened in the mid 350s CE. It came to Southeast Asia as part of the expansion of <a href="Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Hindu stone temples of the <a href="Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> civilization contain both <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and Chamic language stone inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-book2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest inscriptions in Vietnam are found in <a href="M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n" title="Mỹ Sơn">Mỹ Sơn</a>, a temple complex dating from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300</span> CE to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> CE.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest inscription is written in faulty Sanskrit. After this, inscriptions alternate between Sanskrit and the Cham language of the times.<sup id="cite_ref-book3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Cham kings studied classical Indian texts, such as the <i><a href="Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a></i>, and inscriptions make reference to <a href="Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a>. Eventually, while the Cham and Sanskrit languages influenced one another, Cham culture assimilated Hinduism, and Chams were eventually able to adequately express the Hindu religion in their own language.<sup id="cite_ref-book3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 8th century, the Cham script had outgrown Sanskrit and the Cham language was in full use.<sup id="cite_ref-book1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most preserved manuscripts focus on religious rituals, epic battles and poems, and myths.<sup id="cite_ref-book3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Modern Chamic languages have the Southeast Asian <a href="Language_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Language area">areal features</a> of <a href="Monosyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosyllabic">monosyllabicity</a>, <a href="Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonality</a>, and <a href="Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized consonants</a>. However, they had reached the Southeast Asia mainland disyllabic and non-tonal. The script needed to be altered to meet these changes.<sup id="cite_ref-book2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variety">Variety</h2></div>

<p>The Cham now live in two groups: the Western Cham of Cambodia and the Eastern Cham (Panduranga/Phan Rang Cham) of Vietnam. For the first millennium AD, the <a href="Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic languages</a> were a dialect chain along the Vietnam coast. The breakup of this chain into distinct languages occurred once the Vietnamese pushed south, causing most Cham to move back into the highlands while some like Phan Rang Cham became a part of the lowland society ruled by the Vietnamese. The division of Cham into Western and Phan Rang Cham immediately followed the Vietnamese overthrow of the last Cham polity.<sup id="cite_ref-book2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Cham people are mostly <a href="Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore prefer the <a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>. The Eastern Cham are mostly <a href="Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and continued to use the Indic script. During French colonial times, both groups had to use the <a href="Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>.

</p><p>There are two varieties of the Cham script: <i>Akhar Thrah</i> (Eastern Cham) and <i>Akhar Srak</i> (Western Cham). The two are distinct enough to be encoded in separate blocks, the Eastern Cham block included in Unicode Standard version 5.1 since March 2008, the Western Cham block approved but still awaiting inclusion as of late 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A standard <a href="ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC romanization</a> of both varieties, which is based on EFEO romanization of Cham, is available.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div>

<p>The script is highly valued in Cham culture, but this does not mean that many people are learning it.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been efforts to simplify the spelling and to promote learning the script, but these have met with limited success.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, boys learned the script around the age of twelve when they were old and strong enough to tend to the water buffalo. However, women and girls did not typically learn to read.<sup id="cite_ref-book1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional Indic Cham script is still known and used by Vietnam's Eastern Cham but no longer by the Western Cham.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div>

<p>Similar to other abugidas, the consonants of Cham have the inherent vowel. Dependent vowel diacritics are used to modify the inherent vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-Uni11_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uni11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Cham does not have <i><a href="Virama" title="Virama">virāma</a></i>, special characters should be used for pure consonants. This practice is similar to the <i>chillu consonants</i> of the <a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam script</a>.

</p>

<p>Most consonant letters, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span>, include an <a href="Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> which does not need to be written. The <a href="Nasal_stops" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stops">nasal stops</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> (the latter two transliterated <i>ny</i> and <i>ng</i> in the Latin alphabet) are exceptions, and have an inherent vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ]</span> (transliterated <i>â</i>). A diacritic called <i>kai,</i> which does not occur with the other consonants, is added below a nasal consonant to write the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-book1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Cham words contain vowel and consonant-vowel (V and CV) syllables, apart from the last, which may also be CVC. There are a few characters for final consonants in the Cham script; other consonants merely extend a longer tail on the right side to indicate the absence of a final vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-book1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div>

<caption>Consonant letters

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medial_consonants">Medial consonants</h3></div>

<caption>Medial consonants (Consonant signs)

</caption>

<th>Diacritic

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Example

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_consonants">Final consonants</h3></div>

<p>Cham does not employ a <a href="Virama" title="Virama">virama</a> to suppress vowels. Final consonants are indicated in one of three ways: an explicit final consonant letter, a combining diacritic mark, or by <span lang="cjm" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Noto Sans Cham', 'Code2000';"><span style="font-size:120%">ꨥ</span></span>.

</p>

<caption>Final consonant letters

</caption>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_vowels">Independent vowels</h3></div>

<p>Six of the initial vowels are represented with unique letters:<sup id="cite_ref-L206257_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L206257-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption><span class="nowrap">Independent Cham vowels</span>

</caption>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependent_vowels">Dependent vowels</h3></div>

<p>Other initial vowels are represented by adding a diacritic to the letter <span lang="cjm" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Noto Sans Cham', 'Code2000';"><span style="font-size:120%">ꨀ</span></span> (a).<sup id="cite_ref-L206257_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L206257-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same diacritics are used with consonants to change their inherent vowel:

</p>

<caption>Dependent Cham vowels

</caption>

<th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"><b>diacritics</b></td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"><b>shown with</b> <span lang="cjm" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Noto Sans Cham', 'Code2000';"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">ꨆ</span></span></span></span> <b>(ka)</b></td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>-au

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left"><b>diacritics</b></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2></div>

<p>Cham has a distinctive set of digits:<sup id="cite_ref-L206257_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L206257-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<th>Cham numerals

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Names

</th>

<td>thaoh<br><span lang="cjm" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Noto Sans Cham', 'Code2000';">ꨔꨯꨱꩍ</span></td>

<td>tajuh<br><span lang="cjm" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Noto Sans Cham', 'Code2000';">ꨓꨎꨭꩍ</span></td>

<td>dalapan<br><span lang="cjm" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Noto Sans Cham', 'Code2000';">ꨕꨤꨚꩆ</span></td>

<td>salapan<br><span lang="cjm" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Noto Sans Cham', 'Code2000';">ꨧꨤꨚꩆ</span>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_symbols">Other symbols</h2></div>

<caption>Punctuation

</caption>

<th>Symbol</th>

<th>Function

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Spiral</td>

<td>Mark the beginning of a section.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Danda</td>

<td>Text break

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Double Danda</td>

<td>Text break with progressive values of finality

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Triple Danda</td>

<td>Text break with progressive values of finality

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cham_(Unicode_block)" title="Cham (Unicode block)">Cham (Unicode block)</a></div>

<p>Cham script was added to the <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1.<sup id="cite_ref-L206257_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L206257-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Unicode block for Cham is U+AA00–U+AA5F:

</p>

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</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UAA00_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_UAA00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UAA00_grey"><a href="#endnote_UAA00_grey">[2]</a></sup><br><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAA00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF)

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<td style="width:20pt">F

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+AA0x

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA00: CHAM LETTER A">ꨀ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA01: CHAM LETTER I">ꨁ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA02: CHAM LETTER U">ꨂ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA03: CHAM LETTER E">ꨃ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA04: CHAM LETTER AI">ꨄ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA05: CHAM LETTER O">ꨅ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA06: CHAM LETTER KA">ꨆ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA07: CHAM LETTER KHA">ꨇ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA08: CHAM LETTER GA">ꨈ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA09: CHAM LETTER GHA">ꨉ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA0A: CHAM LETTER NGUE">ꨊ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA0B: CHAM LETTER NGA">ꨋ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA0C: CHAM LETTER CHA">ꨌ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA0D: CHAM LETTER CHHA">ꨍ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA0E: CHAM LETTER JA">ꨎ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA0F: CHAM LETTER JHA">ꨏ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+AA1x

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA10: CHAM LETTER NHUE">ꨐ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA11: CHAM LETTER NHA">ꨑ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA12: CHAM LETTER NHJA">ꨒ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA13: CHAM LETTER TA">ꨓ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA14: CHAM LETTER THA">ꨔ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA15: CHAM LETTER DA">ꨕ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA16: CHAM LETTER DHA">ꨖ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA17: CHAM LETTER NUE">ꨗ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA18: CHAM LETTER NA">ꨘ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA19: CHAM LETTER DDA">ꨙ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA1A: CHAM LETTER PA">ꨚ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA1B: CHAM LETTER PPA">ꨛ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA1C: CHAM LETTER PHA">ꨜ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA1D: CHAM LETTER BA">ꨝ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA1E: CHAM LETTER BHA">ꨞ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA1F: CHAM LETTER MUE">ꨟ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+AA2x

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA20: CHAM LETTER MA">ꨠ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA21: CHAM LETTER BBA">ꨡ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA22: CHAM LETTER YA">ꨢ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA23: CHAM LETTER RA">ꨣ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA24: CHAM LETTER LA">ꨤ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA25: CHAM LETTER VA">ꨥ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA26: CHAM LETTER SSA">ꨦ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA27: CHAM LETTER SA">ꨧ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA28: CHAM LETTER HA">ꨨ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA29: CHAM VOWEL SIGN AA">ꨩ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA2A: CHAM VOWEL SIGN I">ꨪ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA2B: CHAM VOWEL SIGN II">ꨫ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA2C: CHAM VOWEL SIGN EI">ꨬ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA2D: CHAM VOWEL SIGN U">ꨭ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA2E: CHAM VOWEL SIGN OE">ꨮ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA2F: CHAM VOWEL SIGN O">ꨯ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+AA3x

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA30: CHAM VOWEL SIGN AI">ꨰ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA31: CHAM VOWEL SIGN AU">ꨱ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA32: CHAM VOWEL SIGN UE">ꨲ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA33: CHAM CONSONANT SIGN YA">ꨳ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA34: CHAM CONSONANT SIGN RA">ꨴ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA35: CHAM CONSONANT SIGN LA">ꨵ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA36: CHAM CONSONANT SIGN WA">ꨶ

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+AA4x

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA40: CHAM LETTER FINAL K">ꩀ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA41: CHAM LETTER FINAL G">ꩁ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA42: CHAM LETTER FINAL NG">ꩂ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA43: CHAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL NG">ꩃ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA44: CHAM LETTER FINAL CH">ꩄ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA45: CHAM LETTER FINAL T">ꩅ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA46: CHAM LETTER FINAL N">ꩆ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA47: CHAM LETTER FINAL P">ꩇ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA48: CHAM LETTER FINAL Y">ꩈ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA49: CHAM LETTER FINAL R">ꩉ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA4A: CHAM LETTER FINAL L">ꩊ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA4B: CHAM LETTER FINAL SS">ꩋ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA4C: CHAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL M">ꩌ

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA4D: CHAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL H">ꩍ

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+AA5x

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA50: CHAM DIGIT ZERO">꩐

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA51: CHAM DIGIT ONE">꩑

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA52: CHAM DIGIT TWO">꩒

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA53: CHAM DIGIT THREE">꩓

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA54: CHAM DIGIT FOUR">꩔

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA55: CHAM DIGIT FIVE">꩕

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA56: CHAM DIGIT SIX">꩖

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA57: CHAM DIGIT SEVEN">꩗

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA58: CHAM DIGIT EIGHT">꩘

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA59: CHAM DIGIT NINE">꩙

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA5C: CHAM PUNCTUATION SPIRAL">꩜

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA5D: CHAM PUNCTUATION DANDA">꩝

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA5E: CHAM PUNCTUATION DOUBLE DANDA">꩞

</td>

<td style="font-family:Noto Sans Cham, Code2000;" title="U+AA5F: CHAM PUNCTUATION TRIPLE DANDA">꩟

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b>

<dl><dd>1.<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UAA00_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_UAA00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd>

<dd>2.<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UAA00_grey"><b><a href="#ref_UAA00_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2></div>

<p>Below is a sample text in Cham, in Rumi, Jawi, and Cham scripts. This text is the translation of a famous Vietnamese short poetry.

</p>

<th>English Translation

</th>

<td>

<p>Loss of money; Sad for a few days<br>

Loss of friends; Sad for a few months<br>

Loss of girlfriend; Sad for a few years<br>

Loss of mother; Sad for life

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Cham Rumi Script

</th>

<td>

<p>Lahik jiên; drut druy hadôm harei<br>

Lahik sabat; duk duy hadôm bilaan<br>

Lahik payô; padrut padruy hadôm thun<br>

Lahik Amêk; su-uk su-uôn ha umôr<br>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Cham_Jawi" title="Cham Jawi">Cham Jawi Script</a>

</th>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">

لحيء جييٛن؛ دروت دروي حدوٛم حغاٛي<br>

لحيء سباة؛ دوء دوي حدوٛم بيلآن<br>

لحيء فيوٛ؛ فدروت فدروي حدوٛم تهون<br>

لحيء أميٛء؛ سوعوء سوعووٛن ها عوموٛر</span>‎

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Cham Script

</th>

ꨤꨨꨪꩀ ꨎꨳꨯꨮꩆ ꨕꨴꨭꩅ ꨕꨴꨭꩈ ꨨꨕꨯꩌ ꨨꨣꨬ<br>

ꨤꨨꨪꩀ ꨧꨝꩅ ꨕꨭꩀ ꨕꨭꩈ ꨨꨕꨯꩌ ꨝꨪꨤꨩꩆ<br>

ꨤꨨꨪꩀ ꨚꨢꨯꨩ ꨚꨕꨴꨭꩅ ꨚꨕꨴꨭꩈ ꨨꨕꨯꩌ ꨔꨭꩆ<br>

ꨤꨨꨪꩀ ꨀꨟꨯꨮꩀ ꨧꨭꨂꩀ ꨧꨭꨂꨅꩆ ꨨꨩ ꨂꨟꨯꩉ</span>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Vietnamese Original

</th>

<td>

Mất bạn; Buồn vài tháng<br>

Mất gấu; Buồn vài năm<br>

Mất mẹ; Buồn cả đời

</p>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarrison197552–59-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarrison197552–59_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarrison1975">Marrison 1975</a>, pp. 52–59.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride (2019), p.29</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Uni11-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uni11_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uni11_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uni11_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cham. In <i>The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0</i> (p. 661). Mountain View, CA: Unicode Consortium.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-book2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thurgood, Graham. <i>From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999.</span>

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/949/">"My Son Sanctuary"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2024" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Thurgood (11 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Austronesia/Cham%2C%20A%20Preliminary%20Sketch%20of%20Phan%20Rang%20%28Thurgood%29.pdf"><i>A Preliminary Sketch of Phan Rang Cham The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="California_State_University%2C_Chico" title="California State University, Chico">California State University, Chico</a>. pp. Page=1.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-book3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book3_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claude, Jacques. "The Use of Sanskrit in the Khmer and Cham Inscriptions." In Sanskrit Outside India (Vol. 7, pp. 5-12). Leiden: Panels of the VIIth World Sanskrit Conference. 1991.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-book1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book1_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blood, Doris E. "The Script as a Cohesive Factor in Cham Society". In <i>Notes from Indochina on ethnic minority cultures</i>. Ed. Marilyn Gregerson. 1980 p35-44.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trankell & Ovesen 2004</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Proposal for encoding the Cham script in the BMP of the UCS"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7nw110n4">[1]</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hosken, Martin. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19217-western-cham.pdf">L2/19-217 <i>Proposal to encode Western Cham in the UCS</i></a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Everson, M. & Cunningham, A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/L2/L2016/16198-n4734-western-cham.pdf">L2/16-198 <i>Proposal to encode Western Cham in the SMP of the UCS</i></a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/cham.pdf">ALA-LC Cham romanization</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kauthara.org/cham-lesson/3">"Cham Alphabet"</a>. <i>kauthara.org</i>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruckmayr, Philipp. (2019). The Changing Fates of the Cambodian Islamic Manuscript Tradition. <i>Journal of Islamic Manuscripts, 10</i>(1), 1-23. doi:10.1163/1878464X-01001001</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blood (1980a, 1980b, 2008); Brunelle (2008).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRachna2019" class="citation web cs1">Rachna, Thim (26 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voacambodia.com/a/cambodias-cham-muslims-fear-loss-of-ancient-script-and-language/5181319.html">"Cambodia's Cham Muslims Fear Loss of Ancient Script and Language"</a>. <i>VOA Khmer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akbar Husain, Wim Swann <i>Horizons of Spiritual Psychology</i> 2009 - Page 28 "The traditional Cham script, based on an Indian script, is still known and used by the Eastern Cham in Vietnam, but it has been lost by the Western Cham. The Cham language is also non-tonal. Words may contain one, two, or three syllables."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-L206257-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L206257_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L206257_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L206257_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L206257_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a> (2006-08-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06257-n3120-cham.pdf">"Proposal for encoding the Cham script in the BMP of the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMarrison1975" class="citation cs2">Marrison, Geoffrey Edward (1975), "The Early Cham language and its relation to Malay", <i><a href="Journal_of_the_Malaysian_Branch_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></i>, <b>48</b> (2 (228)): <span class="nowrap">52–</span>59, <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41492110">41492110</a></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEtienne_Aymonier,_Antoine_Cabaton1906" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="Etienne_Aymonier" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Aymonier">Etienne Aymonier</a>, <a href="Antoine_Cabaton" title="Antoine Cabaton">Antoine Cabaton</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SSAoAAAAYAAJ"><i>Dictionnaire čam-français</i></a>. Vol. 7 of Publications de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. E. Leroux<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-15</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li>Blood, Doris (1980a). Cham literacy: the struggle between old and new (a case study). <i>Notes on Literacy</i> 12, 6–9.</li>

<li>Blood, Doris (1980b). The script as a cohesive factor in Cham society. In <i>Notes from Indochina</i>, Marilyn Gregersen and Dorothy Thomas (eds.), 35–44. Dallas: International Museum of Cultures.</li>

<li>Blood, Doris E. 2008. The ascendancy of the Cham script: how a literacy workshop became the catalyst. <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i> 192:45-56.</li>

<li>Brunelle, Marc. 2008. Diglossia, Bilingualism, and the Revitalization of Written Eastern Cham. <i>Language Documentation & Conservation</i> 2.1: 28–46. (Web based journal)</li>

<li>Moussay, Gerard (1971). <i>Dictionnaire Cam-Vietnamien-Français</i>. Phan Rang: Centre Culturel Cam.</li>

<li>Trankell, Ing-Britt and Jan Ovesen (2004). Muslim minorities in Cambodia. NIASnytt 4, 22–24. (Also on Web)</li>

<li>R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019). Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cham_script" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Cham script">Cham script</a> at Wikimedia Commons

</p>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cham.htm">Omniglot Entry on Cham</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=alfabetos/cham">more info on Cham alphabet (in Spanish)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1848">Brunelle's article</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kauthara.org/cham-lesson">Conservation of Cham language and script on Lauthara.org</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22095-western-cham.pdf">https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22095-western-cham.pdf</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Languages by writing system / <a href="List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li>

<li><a href="Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li>

<li><a href="Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li>

<li><a href="Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>

<ul><li><a href="Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li>

<li><a href="Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>

<ul><li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li>

<li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li>

<li><a href="Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li>

<li><a href="Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li>

<li><a href="Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li>

<li><a href="La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li>

<li><a href="Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li>

<li><a href="Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li>

<li>Golmol</li>

<li>Himmol</li>

<li>Kummol</li>

<li>Kvemmol</li>

<li>Pachumol</li>

<li><a href="Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li>

<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li>

<li><a href="Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li>

<li><a href="Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li>

<li><a href="Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li>

<li><a href="Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li>

<li><a href="Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li>

<li><a href="Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li>

<li><a href="Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li>

<li><a href="Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li>

<li><a href="S'gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>

<li><a href="Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li>

<li><a href="Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li>

<li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li>

<li><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li>